2^nd International Conference on Women^`s Health, Obstetrics and Female Reproductive System July 27-28, 2018 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Gynecology & Obstetrics is the branch of medical practice that deals with obstetrics gynecology and Obstetrics. It is a peer reviewed journal in the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology.  Obstetrics & Gynecology condensed to OB/GYN, OBG, O&G or Obs & Gynae. It is the therapeutic claim to fame the arrangements with Obstetrics and Gynecology. Gynecology Journals are at the higher echelons that upgrade the knowledge and data spread on themes firmly identified with Gynecology and Obstetrics.Gynecologic and Obstetrics Pathology is the medical pathology subspecialty dealing with the study and diagnosis of disease involving the female genital tract, which includes vagina, uterus, and ovaries and the breasts. Obstetrics Pathology is the study of diagnosis and diseases involve during pregnancy and childbirth, and the postpartum period. A physician who practices gynecologic pathology is a gynecologic pathologist.

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One important aspect of the role of Pathology in the evaluation of breast cancer is biomarker testing, specifically the accurate assessment of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2 status of a patient's breast cancer. Biomarkers can be prognostic, predictive, or both. Prognostic biomarkers are independent measures of prognosis such that the presence or absence of the biomarker is associated with a patient's overall clinical outcome (i.e., risk of recurrence and mortality). Predictive biomarkers, in contrast, predict whether or not a patient will respond to a given therapy. In cancer care, doctors specializing in different areas of cancer treatment—such as surgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology. Cancer care teams also include a variety of other health care professionals, including physician assistants, oncology nurses, social workers, pharmacists, counsellors, nutritionists, and others. The biology and behaviour of a breast cancer affects the treatment plan. Some tumours are small but grow fast, while others are large and grow slowly.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges of ovaries. It is common among women of reproductive age. PCOS is a problem with hormones that affects women during their childbearing years (age’s between15 to 44). 2.2 and 26.7 percent of women in this age group have PCOS. The cause of PCOS is not known, it appears that PCOS may be related to many different factors working together. These factors include insulin resistance, increased levels of hormones called androgens, and an irregular menstrual cycle.

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Infections in the female genitalia and the accessory sex organs are commonly known as Gynecologic Infectious Diseases. While some of these diseases can be cured easily by the usage of antibiotics while others need to be paid serious attention while curing them. Some of the infectious diseases are Vulvovaginitis, Cervicitis, Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Gynecologic Oncology is a specialized field that deals with cancers pertaining to the female genitalia and reproductive system. Ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer and vulvar cancer are all a part of gynaecologic oncology. According to the data collected by The Society of Gynecologic Oncology 82,00 women in the United States were affected by gynaecologic cancer annually.

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The technology which is used to achieve pregnancy artificially is known as the assisted reproductive technology. Assisted reproductive technology includes procedures namely fertility medication, in vitro fertilization(IVF)  and surrogacy. ART is primarily used in treating infertility among couples. It belongs mainly to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. ART includes many techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI), cryopreservation, transvaginal ovum retrival, embryo transfer, assisted zona hatching, autologous endometrial co-culture, zygote intrafallopian transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, egg donors, sperm donors, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, emryo splitting, GIFT, ZIFT, sex selection and surgical sperm retrival. All these methods are being widely used as problems of infertility are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. While some of these methods are safe but majority of them are harmful to the fetus as the babies are born with some kind of birth defects or genetic defects.ART also carries the risk of heterotopic pregnancy. In IVF and ICSI babies are born with low birth weight, decreased expression of proteins in energy metabolism, visual impairment and cerebral palsy. ART procedures in the United States has doubled in the last 10years with the cost ranging from $2,000 to $30,000. ART procedures should be only performed after examing the medical condition of the couple. Many a times ART proves to be harmful to both the mother and child.

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Methods and devices used to prevent pregnancy are often known as birth control or contraception. Contraception has been in practice since time immemorial but the modern ways of contraception had come into play in the 20th century. Birth control is not only used in cases of unwanted pregnancies but its also used in cases where pregnancy is proved to be fatal to the fetus as well as the mother. It also protects people from getting affected by sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception also plays an pivotal role in family planning as well. It affects demographics like population control, population density and so on. Birth control also helps in increasing economic growth of a country by decreasing the number of dependent children, more women in the working sector and less use of scarce resources. Nowadays in the market various kinds of contraception are available both for men and women which have long term and short term effect respectively. While some contraception are permanent while others are temporary. Among the permanent ways of contraceptions, sterilization is one of them which is vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females. Among the non permanent methods of contraception there are emergency contraception pills, patches, vaginal rings, injections, intrauterine devices. Others physical barrier methods include usage of condoms, diaphragms, birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods.  Worldwide 26th September is celebrated as the World Contraception Day.

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Midwifery also known as obstetrics, is a health science and health profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the new-born), besides sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. Midwifery is a medical profession which is special for its independent and direct specialized education, should not be confused with a medical specialty. Midwife is a person who is professional in Midwifery.  Women should be encouraged and offered midwifery-led continuity models of care with caution in applying this device with substantial medical or Obstetric complications. This Midwifery-led care is associated with a reduction in the use of epidurals with fewer episiotomies and decreased risk of losing the child before 24 weeks gestation.

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Women come across many unique health issues related to reproduction and sexuality which are responsible for all the health problems experienced by women during their reproductive years (aged 15–44), of which unsafe sex is a major risk factor. Good sexual and reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It includes that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce, and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so. To maintain sexual and reproductive health, people must know the accurate information and the safe, effective, and acceptable contraception method of their choice. They must be educated to protect themselves from sexual transmitted diseases. Women must have the access to services that can help them have a fit pregnancy, safe delivery and healthy baby.

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Neonatology is a subspecialty of paediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn infant. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units(NICUs). The principal patients of neonatologists are newborn infants who are ill or requiring special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital malformations (birth defects), sepsis, and pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxias.

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Maternal Nutrition has a major role in fetal and development.  Maternal nutrition not only refers to the nutritional needs of women during the antenatal and postnatal period (i.e., when they are pregnant and breastfeeding) but also to the pre-conceptual period (i.e., adolescence). A healthy diet helps children to grow and learn. It also helps prevent obesity and other weight-related diseases, such as diabetes. Any kind of alterations in fetal nutrition or endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, metabolism and physiology of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life.

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Breast milk is the perfect food for the baby. It protects the baby against gastroenteritis and diarrhea, ear and chest infections, allergies and diabetes. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of bleeding after the birth, is convenient. An early stage of nutrition for the infants starts from the mother’s milk. Immunity development for the child starts to improve eventually through the breast milk. Breast feeding also helps in managing weight of the mother eventually. A midwife’s advice in the infant feeding at the initial stages after the birth of the child initially for the first three months after the birth adds to the mother’s health.

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The Uterus or Womb is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. The first sign of a problem with the uterus may be bleeding between periods or after sex. Causes can include hormones, thyroid problems, fibroids, polyps, cancer, infection, or pregnancy.

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Abortion is removing an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it can survive outside the uterus, which ends the pregnancy. An abortion which is intentional is called as induced abortion and which occurs spontaneously is called as Miscarriage. Induced abortion has negative impact on the women’s health. Due to the induced abortion women faces problems like lower fertility, more vulnerable to Sexual Transmitted Diseases, breast Cancer and mental health. Unsafe abortion sometimes results in death and serious complications.

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It is a major public health problem and a violation of women's human rights. It is also known as gender-based violence. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.

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Women and Children are the most helpless populaces in worldwide wellbeing, making the Nurse Midwife and Family Nurse Practitioner program a legitimate fit for understudies inspired by utilizing their aptitudes all around. Neonatal nurse specialist concentrates on the care of babies. They may look after sound babies, give centered care to untimely or sick infants, or work solely with genuinely sick babies in a neonatal intensive care unit. Psychiatric nurse practitioner also called a Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners do a large number of similar things a therapist does, including diagnosing emotional sickness and recommending drug.

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Pregnancy is a special physiological condition where treatment of drug is an important concern as the physiology of pregnancy affects the pharmacokinetics of medication used some medications can reach the foetus and harms them. Medication to pregnant lady cannot be totally avoided since some may have chronic pathological conditions that require continuous or interrupted treatment like asthma, epilepsy and hypertension.  New medical conditions can develop and old ones get worsen during pregnancy requiring drug therapy, which becomes a major problem for child bearing women to take medication whether prescription, over-the counter, or herbal medication. Since the thalidomide era, there has been great awareness about harmful effects of medications on the unborn child.

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Pregnancy, also known as gravidity or gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. Childbirth typically occurs around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP). This is just over nine lunar months, where each month is about 29½ days. When measured from conception it is about 38 weeks. An embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following conception, after which, the term fetus is used until birth. Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination. Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test.

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The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation. Common symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability and mood changes. These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, they are severe. The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes. These changes can be altered by using hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy. Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

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Sexual Ethics and Sex morals (also called erotic morality) are ethics that matters from all features of human sexuality, including human sexual performance. Generally speaking, erotic ethics mainly relate to personal and public values concerning the behaviour of personal relationships. This includes topics of accord, premarital sex and non-marital gender, queries about how sexual category and power are expressed through sexual performance, sexual associations before wedding or while married, how persons relate to civilization and how separate performance impacts worries of public wellbeing.

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Menopause is well known concept in Gynecology. Menopause is the time in which when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children are also known as climacteric.  The number of Research institutes working on Menopause concepts are about 40-50 and the number of Universities are approximately 250 which are consisting menopause topics in the department of Gynaecology and the funding towards the research on this topic is in between the figures of $30000 - $50000, Target audience are of about 20% in the industry, Academia 40% and 40% of others. Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age. Medical professionals often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any vaginal bleeding for a year. It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries. In those who have had surgery to remove their Uterus, but they still have ovaries, menopause may be viewed to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell. Following the removal of the uterus, these symptoms typically occur earlier in the age of 45 years.

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Pediatrics (Also spelled pediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people is under pediatric care up to the age of 21. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or pediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean "healer of children. Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly those working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians.

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